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?K?|?p?????y???u???{?y?u ?????????? ?U?p???p?t?u??:

?O???????1

?E???|?y ?r ?x?p?}?{?~???????z ?~?p ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u???? ?????|?u?~???y?t ?r?t?r?y?s?p???? ?y?|?y ?r???t?r?y?s?p???? ?????????????~?~???z ?}?p?s?~?y??, ???? ?r ?}???}?u?~???? ?u?s?? ?r?t?r?y?s?p?~?y?? ?y?|?y ?r???t?r?y?s?p?~?y?? ?~?p?q?|???t?p?u?????? ?????{?|???~?u?~?y?u ???????u?|?{?y ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u?????p (?r???x?~?y?{?p?u?? ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???z ?????{); ?~?p?????p?r?|?u?~?y?? ?????{?|???~?u?~?y?? ???????u?|?{?y ?????y ?r?t?r?y?s?p?~?y?y ?y ?r???t?r?y?s?p?~?y?y ?}?p?s?~?y???p ?????????y?r???????|???w?~??. ?O???{?|???~?u?~?y?u ???????u?|?{?y ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u?????p ???u?} ?q???|?????u, ???u?} ?q???|?????u ???{???????????? ?t?r?y?w?u?~?y?? ?}?p?s?~?y???p ?????~?????y???u?|???~?? ?{?p???????{?y. ?P???y ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?y ?????|???????r ?}?p?s?~?y???p ?~?p?????p?r?|?u?~?y?u ?????{?|???~?u?~?y?? ???????u?|?{?y ?y?x?}?u?~?y??????. ?D?|?? ?????|?????u?~?y?? ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???s?? ?????{?p ?}?p?s?~?y?? ?}???w?~?? ???????p?r?|?????? ?~?u?????t?r?y?w?~???}, ?????s?t?p ?~???w?~?? ?????~?????y???u?|???~?? ?}?p?s?~?y???p ???u???u?t?r?y?s?p???? ?????|?u?~???y?t.

?O???????2

?K???~???? ???t?~???z ?y?x ?{?p???????u?{, ?r?????p?r?|?u?~?~???? ???t?~?p ?r ?t?????s????, ?????y?????u?t?y?~?????????? ?{ ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u??????, ?p ???u???u?x ?t?????s???? ?{?p???????{?? ?????????????{?p?u?????? ?????{. ?O???{?|???~?u?~?y?u ???????u?|?{?y ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u?????p ?~?p?q?|???t?p?u?????? ?r ?}???}?u?~???? ?r?{?|?????u?~?y?? ?y?|?y ?r???{?|?????u?~?y?? ?????{?p, ?r ?}???}?u?~???? ?u?s?? ???r?u?|?y???u?~?y?? ?y?|?y ???}?u?~?????u?~?y?? ?y?|?y ?????y ???u???u?}?u???u?~?y?y ?{?p???????u?{ ?????~?????y???u?|???~?? ?t?????s ?t?????s?p. ?N?p?????p?r?|?u?~?y?? ?????{?|???~?u?~?y?z ???????u?|?{?y ?s?p?|???r?p?~???}?u?????p ???p?{?w?u ?????????y?r???????|???w?~?? ?????y ?r?{?|?????u?~?y?y ?y ?r???{?|?????u?~?y?y ?????{?p, ?u?s?? ???r?u?|?y???u?~?y?y ?y ???}?u?~?????u?~?y?y, ???q?|?y?w?u?~?y?y ?y ???t?p?|?u?~?y?y ?{?p???????u?{.

?B???r???t??:

1. ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???z ?????{ ?r???x?~?y?{?p?u?? ?r???u?s?t?p, ?{???s?t?p ???????y???????t?y?? ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?u ?????u???|?u?~?~???s?? ?? ?{???~?????????} ?????????{?p ?}?p?s?~?y???~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y.

2. ???y?|?p ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???s?? ?????{?p ?~?u ?x?p?r?y???y?? ???? ???????????q?p ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?? ?????????{?p ?}?p?s?~?y???~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y, ?p ???????u?t?u?|???u?????? ?|?y???? ???{?????????????? ?u?s?? ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y??.

?O?q???q???p?? ???u?x???|?????p???? ???????????r, ?U?p???p?t?u?z ?????{?p?x?p?|, ?????? ?r?????{?y?z ???p?x, ?{???s?t?p ???????y???????t?y?? ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?u ?????u???|?u?~?~???s?? ?? ?{???~?????????} ?????????{?p ?}?p?s?~?y???~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y, ?r ?{???~???????u ?r???x?~?y?{?p?u?? ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???z ?????{; ?r???x?~?y?{?~???r?u?~?y?u ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???s?? ?????{?p ???{?p?x???r?p?u?? ?~?p ?~?p?|?y???y?u ?r ???u???y ???|?u?{???????t?r?y?w?????u?z ???y?|?? ???|?u?{???????}?p?s?~?y???~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y.

?P???p?r?y?|?? ?L?u?~???p:

?I?~?t???{???y???~?~???z ?????{ ?r ?{???~???????u ?y?}?u?u?? ?r???u?s?t?p ???p?{???u ?~?p?????p?r?|?u?~?y?u, ?????? ?????x?t?p?r?p?u?}???u ?y?} ?}?p?s?~?y???~???u ?????|?u ?????u???????????r???u?? ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?? ?}?p?s?~?y???~???s?? ?????????{?p, ?r???x?r?p?r???u?}?? ???????? ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???z ?????{. ?P???y ?????y?q?|?y?w?u?~?y?y ?}?p?s?~?y???p ?{ ?x?p?}?{?~???????}?? ???????r???t?~?y?{?? ???U/??t>0.

?Bi ? ?}?p?s?~?y???~?p?? ?y?~?t???{???y?? ?????|?? ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???s?? ?????{?p Ii, ?????y????} ?~?p?????p?r?|?u?~?y?? ?Bi ?y ?y?~?t???{???y???~?~???s?? ?????{?p ?????t???y?~?????????? ?????p?r?y?|?? ?????p?r???s?? ?r?y?~???p.

?H?p?{???~ ?U?p???p?t?u??:

?^?D?R ?Гi ???|?u?{???????}?p?s?~?y???~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y ?r ?{???~???????u ???y???|?u?~?~?? ???p?r?~?p ?y ?????????y?r???????|???w?~?p ???? ?x?~?p?{?? ???{???????????y ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?? ?}?p?s?~?y???~???s?? ?????????{?p ???{?r???x?? ?????r?u?????~????????, ???s???p?~?y???u?~?~???? ?????y?} ?{???~?????????}: ?Гi=-???U/??t. ?E?t?y?~?y???p ? ?r???|????. ?^?????? ?x?p?{???~ ???r?|???u?????? ???~?y?r?u?????p?|???~???}: ?^?D?R ?~?u ?x?p?r?y???y?? ???? ???????????q?p ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?? ?}?p?s?~?y???~???s?? ?????????{?p.

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?B?y?????u?r???u ???|?u?{?????y???u???{???u ?????|?u ? ???|?u?{?????y???u???{???u ?????|?u, ?????????w?t?p?u?}???u ???u???u?}?u?~?~???} ?}?p?s?~?y???~???} ?????|?u?}.

?R?y?|???r???u ?|?y?~?y?y ?r?y?????u?r???s?? ???|?u?{?????y???u???{???s?? ?????|?? ?r???u?s?t?p ?x?p?}?{?~??????. ?B ?????|?y???y?u ???? ???|?u?{???????????p???y???u???{???s?? ?????|?? ???p?q?????p ?r?y?????u?r???s?? ???|?u?{?????y???u???{???s?? ?????|?? ?~?p ?x?p?}?{?~???????} ???????y ?~?u ???p?r?~?p 0. ?Q?p?q?????p ?r?y?????u?r???s?? ???|?u?{?????y???u???{???s?? ?????|?? ???? ???u???u?}?u???u?~?y?? ?u?t?y?~?y???~???s?? ?+? ?x?p?????t?p ?r?t???|?? ?x?p?}?{?~???????s?? ?~?u?????t?r?y?w?~???s?? ???????r???t?~?y?{?p ???p?r?~?p ?^?D?R ?y?~?t???{???y?y ?r ???????} ???????r???t?~?y?{?u.

?Гi=BVLsinA.

?R?p?}???y?~?t???{???y?? ? ?r???x?~?y?{?~???r?u?~?y?u ?^?D?R ?y?~?t???{???y?y ?r ???????r???t?????u?} ?{???~???????u ?????y ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?y ?r ?~??} ???y?|?? ?????{?p.

?B?x?p?y?}?~?p?? ?y?~?t???{???y?? ? ?r???x?~?y?{?~???r?u?~?y?u ?^?D?R ?r ???t?~???} ?y?? ?{???~?????????r ?????y ?y?x?}?u?~?u?~?y?y ???y?|?? ?????{?p ?r ?t?????s???}.

?S???p?~?????????}?p?????? ? ???????????z?????r??, ?????y?}?u?~???u?}???u ?t?|?? ?????~?y?w?u?~?y?? ?y?|?y ?????r?????u?~?y?? ?~?p???????w?u?~?y?? ???u???u?}?u?~?~???s?? ?????{?p. ?Q?p?q?????p ?????p?~?????????}?p???????p ?????~???r?p?~?p ?~?p ???r?|?u?~?y?y ?r?x?p?y?}?~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y. ?P?u???u?}?u?~?~???z ?????{ I1 ?????x?t?p??? ?r ???u???r?y???~???z ???q?}?????{?u (???y???|?? ?r?y???{???r N1) ???u???u?}?u?~?~???u ?}?p?s?~?y???~???u ?????|?u, ???r?|???????u?u???? ?????y???y?~???z ?r?x?p?y?}?~???z ?y?~?t???{???y?y ?r?? ?r???????y???~???z ???q?}?????{?u (???y?????? ?r?y???{???r N2 );

U1/U2 = N1 / N2 =k. K>1- ?????r?????p?????y?z ?????p?~?????????}?p??????, k<1 ? ?????~?y?w?p?????y?z)