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1. The most ancient one: there are as many syllables in the word as there are vowels.
2. Expiratory/chestpulse/pressure theory: there are as many syllables in the word as there are expires/chestpulses.
3. Sonority theory: there are as many syllables in the word as there are peaks of prominence/sonority.
4. Theory of muscular tension: the centre of a syllable is a syllable-forming phoneme and the sounds preceding and following it make an arc of tension. 3 types of consonants: 1. Initially strong: beginning - strong, ending - weak (time, see); 2. Finally strong: ending - strong, beginning - weak (sad, pet); 3. Double-peaked: combination of 2 similar sounds, beginning and ending - energetic, middle - weak (good-day, pen-knife).
5. Loudness theory: every phoneme possesses a specific loudness; a syllable is a peak of loudness. Loudness shouldn't be confused with sonority (loudness - amplitude of sound waves, sonority - degree of noise).
6. Acoustic theory: peak of syllable vowel or sonorant has more prominence than consonant.