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20 áèëåò


1.Accents: Varieties of English.

Answer: Accents: Varieties of English. SEE!!!Eng Pr p8

Within Britain and the US there are also many regional accents and regional

accents have distinctions in pronunciation.

See you tonight – the second vowel in 'tonight' is pronounced /ai/ in BBC

English but as /oi/ (as in boy) in a Burmingham accent

Are those your brother's? - The vowel in 'those' is pronounced /әu/ in BBC but

more like /au/ (as in 'now'/ in a Birmingham accent. The first vowel in

'brother's' is pronounced /^/ (as in but) in BBC English but /u/ (as in would)

in a Birmingham accent.

She was smoking- The last sound –ing words is /η/ in BBC English, but /ηg/in a

Birmingham accent, i.e the –g is pronounced.



Write the words in the right column

Successful career appear famous cinema direct director violence

ticket actor

Stress on 2nd syllable Stress on 1st syllable

Successful



1. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Terrified, frustrated, impressive

3Classification of vowels according to the stability of articulation

Stability of articulation. Vowels are grouped into 3 groups: Monophthongs,

diphthongs, diphthongoids.

Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging: [i,e, ᵆ,

a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:, u, ^, Ç:, Ә]

In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel

position to another within one syllable:[ ei, ai, Ͻi, au, çu, iә, έә, uә]

In the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but

the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct as it

is in the case of diphthongs. [i:, u:]

#21 áèëåò

1.Tails.

Answer : in informal spoken English, tails are sometimes used at the end of a

sentence to emphasise or make clearer what we have just said. We often use them

when we give an evaluation of something:

It's a really good PHOto , THAT (tail) one

She's a JUDGE, my AUNT (tail)

Tails consist of a noun phrase. They usually have a rising tone because they are

referring to or expanding on something that has been said before.

Some tails consist of this, that, these or those or a phrase beginning with one

of these words. These tails usually emphasise what we are saying:

They're all we've got LEFT, THOSE two.

They taste GREAT, these BIScuits.

Other tails make clear who or what we are referring to:

He's good COOK, Nigel (Nigel is a good cook)

Match the sentence beginnings and the tails.

f. It's so boring, _1_

this cream.

g. I think it's gone off, _2_

tennis.

h. I took them myself, _3_ the one

with the fur collar.

i. That's my coat, _4_ our

neighbor.

j. They're a bit unfriendly, _5_ most of

these photos.

Answer: a-2, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-4

2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Cheerful, conscientious, stubborn

Cheerful- ['tʃiәfl]- 8 letters, 2 syllables, 2 vowel sounds, 2 short vowels,

long vowel-no, 3 cons sounds, noise cons- voiced-no, 2 voiceless- f, tʃ,

1sonorants –l.

Conscientious- [,kϽnʃi'enʃәs] 13 letters, 3 syllables, 4 vowels, 4 short vowel

sounds, 6 cons, noise cons: 4 voiceless-k, ʃ, ʃ, s, voiced-no, 2 sonorants- n,n.

Stubborn- ['st^bәn]- 8 letters, 6 sounds, 2 syllables, 2 vowels, 2 short vowel

sounds, 4 cons. sounds, noise cons: 1voiced-b, 2 voiceless-s,t, 1 sonorants-n

3.Classification of consonants in the manner of articulation.

Acc to the manner of articulation cons. May be of four groups:

5. Occlusive

6. Constrictive

7. Occlussive-constrictive

8. Rolled

Noise consonants:

4. Occlusive noise cons: [p,t,b,d,k,g]

5. constrictive fricatives (noise cons): [f,v,Ө, δ, s, z., ʃ, ʒ, h]

6. Occlussive-constrictive (affricates): [tʃ, ʤ]

Sonorants:

3. Occlusive:m,n,η

4. Constrictive: w,l,r,j

22 áèëåò

1 Prefixes and word stress.

Answer:Prefixes and word stress. Eng pr p34(full)

Some words are made up of a prefix and a root.

Prefix --- dis like---- root

Common prefixes include: -de-, dis-, il-, re-, un-. Sometimes the root can be

used as an independent word (e.g: like) but other roots cannot (e.g' renounce'

but not 'nounce').

In some words the prefix is unstressed and is only

made prominent for particular contrast. Compare:

A: Do you enjoy driving?

B: No, I really dislike it



A: I thought you LIKED driving?

B:No, I really DISlike it (contrast)



Other words with these prefixes have secondary stress on the prefix:

,decom'pose ,recon'sider ,unaf'ected



In words with de- and re- prefixes is usually pronounced /di-/ and /ri-/ if it

is unstressed and /di:/ and /ri:-/ if it has secondary stress. Compare:

De'grade /di-/ but ,decom'pose /di:/

Re'claim /ri-/ but ,recon'sider /ri:/



Underline the words you would normally stress in these sentences.

We weren’t able to find the restaurant.

I’ll be able to meet her family on Saturday.

She won’t be able to come tonight.

I’ve never been able to play chess well.

She can ski better than me.

2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

chain, merge, genuine

3.Classification of consonants according to the place of articulation:

According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of

articulation consonants may be:

7. Labial

8. Lingual

9. Glottal

1.Labial consonants are made by the lips. They may be bilabial and labio-

dental. Bilabial cons. Are produced when both lips are active. They are:

[p,b,m,w]

Labio-dental cons are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the

upper teeth. [f,v]

2.Lingual consonants are classified into forelingual, mediolingula, backlingual

Forelingual cons are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue

Acc.to the place of obstruction forelingual cons:

Interdental [Ө, s,z,n,l]

Dental

Alveolar: t,d

Post alveolar: r

Palato alveolar : ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, tʃ

Mediolingual cons are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are

always palatal: j,η

Backlingual cons are also called velar, because they are produced with the back

part of the tongue raised towards soft palate: k,g

3.Glottal cons h is articulated in the glottis.



#22 Áèëåò

1. Consonant clusters at the beginning of the words.

A consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of consonants which have no

intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are

consonant clusters in the word splits.

To create the b sound, my lips press together, then release. In the b-r cluster,

the r sound begins at the same time as the lips open. This creates the following

sound: /br/. The b-r cluster is at the beginning of the following words:

break

bring

brother

In order to be understood clearly you should:

• Avoid changing a consonant in a cluster to a different consonant For ex:

saying 'present' to pleasant'

• Avoid leaving out one of the consonant sounds For ex: saying 'problem'

for 'problem'

• Avoid adding an extra vowel between consonants F.ex: 'tewin' for 'twin'

• Avoid adding an extra vowel at the beginning of the word F.ex: 'estop'

for 'stop'

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct consonant blend. fr, br, fl, cl, pl

1. bread, 2. frog , 3. cloud, 4.fly, 5. Plant

2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Inaudible, memorable, mosque

3. Classification of consonants according to the degree of noise.

Answer: According to the degree of noise English consonants are divided into 2

classes:

Noise consonants: strong noise consonants: [p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ], weak noise

cons: [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z]

Sonorants are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air

passage. [m, n, η, w,l,r, j]

#24 áèëåò

1. Pronunciation in slow and fast speech.

Define which of these situations are fast or slow speech:

1. A lecturer is giving details of timetable changes to students

2. Two friends are discussing

3. You are giving directions to a stranger

4. A hairdresser and customer talking about their recent holidays

5. Members of family are having dinner and talking

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Cheerful, conscientious, stubborn

3.Classification of consonants in the manner of articulation.

Acc to the manner of articulation cons. May be of four groups:

9. Occlusive

10. Constrictive

11. Occlussive-constrictive

12. Rolled

Noise consonants:

7. Occlusive noise cons: [p,t,b,d,k,g]

8. constrictive fricatives (noise cons): [f,v,Ө, δ, s, z., ʃ, ʒ, h]

9. Occlussive-constrictive (affricates): [tʃ, ʤ]

Sonorants:

5. Occlusive:m,n,η

6. Constrictive: w,l,r,j



#25 áèëåò

1.Leaving out consonant sounds: [t]

Write the number of the sentence in the table below according to what happens

to the [t] sound.

1. Almost there.

2. Have you passed your test?

3. I asked her to leave.

4. Just a bit.

5. We must be nearly there.

6. Tell us what you did.

A. No change to [t] B. [t] left out C. [t]replaced with

glottal stop D. [t]+[j] said [tS]

Answer: 1.Leaving out consonant sounds: [t] (Eng pr p64)

Write the number of the sentence in the table below according to what happens

to the [t] sound.

1Almost there.

2Have you passed your test?

3I asked her to leave.

4Just a bit.

5We must be nearly there.

6Tell us what you did.

E. No change to [t] F. [t] left out G. [t]replaced with

glottal stop

H. [t]+[j] said [tS]

3 I asked her to leave.

1Almost there

5We must be nearly there.

4Just a bit.

6Tell us what you did.

2Have you passed your test?



2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Nosebleed, infection, backpack

3.Classification of labial consonants:

Answer: Labial consonants are made by the lips. They may be bilabial and labio-

dental. Bilabial cons. are produced when both lips are active. They are:

[p,b,m,w]

Labio-dental cons are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the

upper teeth. [f,v]